在梯度下降中注入噪声具有几个理想的特征。在本文中，我们在计算梯度步骤之前探索噪声注入，该梯度步骤已知具有平滑和正规化的特性。我们表明，小扰动会导致基于L1-norm，L1-Norms或核规范的简单有限维模型的显式正则化。当应用于具有较大宽度的过多散热性神经网络时，我们表明，由于过多参数化导致的方差爆炸，相同的扰动无效。但是，我们还表明，独立的层扰动允许避免爆炸差异项，然后可以获得显式正则化器。我们从经验上表明，与香草（随机）梯度下降训练相比，小的扰动可以提高泛化性能，对训练程序进行了较小的调整。

Relu完全连接的网络普遍存在但无法诠释，因为它们适用于多层结构的分段线性函数和模型重量的复杂相互作用。本文采用了一种新的方法来通过在各个件（零件）上的设定操作来实现分段。这是通过近似规范正常形式并使用所得到的模型来完成的。这提供了特殊的优点（a）对拟合功能的参数的强对应关系（高可解释性）; （b）能够符合连续功能的任何组合作为分段功能（易于设计）; （c）在域的目标区域（有针对性学习）中添加新的非线性的能力; （d）避免分层的等式的简单性。它也可以在分段线性函数的总体Max-min表示中表达，这具有理论上的缓解和可信度。在模拟的回归和分类任务和基准数据集上测试了该架构，包括UCI数据集，MNIST，FMNIST和CIFAR 10。此性能与完全连接的架构相同。它可以找到各种应用，其中必须由可解释层替换完全连接的图层。

在许多学科中，在大量解释变量中推断反应变量的直接因果父母的问题具有很高的实际意义。但是，建立的方法通常至少会随着解释变量的数量而呈指数级扩展，难以扩展到非线性关系，并且很难扩展到周期性数据。受{\ em Debiased}机器学习方法的启发，我们研究了一种单Vs.-the-Rest特征选择方法，以发现响应的直接因果父母。我们提出了一种用于纯观测数据的算法，同时还提供理论保证，包括可能在周期存在下的部分非线性关系的情况。由于它仅需要对每个变量进行一个估计，因此我们的方法甚至适用于大图。与既定方法相比，我们证明了显着改善。

Our paper aims to analyze political polarization in US political system using Language Models, and thereby help candidates make an informed decision. The availability of this information will help voters understand their candidates views on the economy, healthcare, education and other social issues. Our main contributions are a dataset extracted from Wikipedia that spans the past 120 years and a Language model based method that helps analyze how polarized a candidate is. Our data is divided into 2 parts, background information and political information about a candidate, since our hypothesis is that the political views of a candidate should be based on reason and be independent of factors such as birthplace, alma mater, etc. We further split this data into 4 phases chronologically, to help understand if and how the polarization amongst candidates changes. This data has been cleaned to remove biases. To understand the polarization we begin by showing results from some classical language models in Word2Vec and Doc2Vec. And then use more powerful techniques like the Longformer, a transformer based encoder, to assimilate more information and find the nearest neighbors of each candidate based on their political view and their background.

Object movement identification is one of the most researched problems in the field of computer vision. In this task, we try to classify a pixel as foreground or background. Even though numerous traditional machine learning and deep learning methods already exist for this problem, the two major issues with most of them are the need for large amounts of ground truth data and their inferior performance on unseen videos. Since every pixel of every frame has to be labeled, acquiring large amounts of data for these techniques gets rather expensive. Recently, Zhao et al. [1] proposed one of a kind Arithmetic Distribution Neural Network (ADNN) for universal background subtraction which utilizes probability information from the histogram of temporal pixels and achieves promising results. Building onto this work, we developed an intelligent video surveillance system that uses ADNN architecture for motion detection, trims the video with parts only containing motion, and performs anomaly detection on the trimmed video.

Recent advances in deep learning have enabled us to address the curse of dimensionality (COD) by solving problems in higher dimensions. A subset of such approaches of addressing the COD has led us to solving high-dimensional PDEs. This has resulted in opening doors to solving a variety of real-world problems ranging from mathematical finance to stochastic control for industrial applications. Although feasible, these deep learning methods are still constrained by training time and memory. Tackling these shortcomings, Tensor Neural Networks (TNN) demonstrate that they can provide significant parameter savings while attaining the same accuracy as compared to the classical Dense Neural Network (DNN). In addition, we also show how TNN can be trained faster than DNN for the same accuracy. Besides TNN, we also introduce Tensor Network Initializer (TNN Init), a weight initialization scheme that leads to faster convergence with smaller variance for an equivalent parameter count as compared to a DNN. We benchmark TNN and TNN Init by applying them to solve the parabolic PDE associated with the Heston model, which is widely used in financial pricing theory.

As language models have grown in parameters and layers, it has become much harder to train and infer with them on single GPUs. This is severely restricting the availability of large language models such as GPT-3, BERT-Large, and many others. A common technique to solve this problem is pruning the network architecture by removing transformer heads, fully-connected weights, and other modules. The main challenge is to discern the important parameters from the less important ones. Our goal is to find strong metrics for identifying such parameters. We thus propose two strategies: Cam-Cut based on the GradCAM interpretations, and Smooth-Cut based on the SmoothGrad, for calculating the importance scores. Through this work, we show that our scoring functions are able to assign more relevant task-based scores to the network parameters, and thus both our pruning approaches significantly outperform the standard weight and gradient-based strategies, especially at higher compression ratios in BERT-based models. We also analyze our pruning masks and find them to be significantly different from the ones obtained using standard metrics.

The rapid growth of machine translation (MT) systems has necessitated comprehensive studies to meta-evaluate evaluation metrics being used, which enables a better selection of metrics that best reflect MT quality. Unfortunately, most of the research focuses on high-resource languages, mainly English, the observations for which may not always apply to other languages. Indian languages, having over a billion speakers, are linguistically different from English, and to date, there has not been a systematic study of evaluating MT systems from English into Indian languages. In this paper, we fill this gap by creating an MQM dataset consisting of 7000 fine-grained annotations, spanning 5 Indian languages and 7 MT systems, and use it to establish correlations between annotator scores and scores obtained using existing automatic metrics. Our results show that pre-trained metrics, such as COMET, have the highest correlations with annotator scores. Additionally, we find that the metrics do not adequately capture fluency-based errors in Indian languages, and there is a need to develop metrics focused on Indian languages. We hope that our dataset and analysis will help promote further research in this area.

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the form of an interpretable and semiautomatic approach to stage grading ocular pathologies such as Diabetic retinopathy, Hypertensive retinopathy, and other retinopathies on the backdrop of major systemic diseases. The experimental study aims to evaluate an explainable staged grading process without using deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) directly. Many current CNN-based deep neural networks used for diagnosing retinal disorders might have appreciable performance but fail to pinpoint the basis driving their decisions. To improve these decisions' transparency, we have proposed a clinician-in-the-loop assisted intelligent workflow that performs a retinal vascular assessment on the fundus images to derive quantifiable and descriptive parameters. The retinal vessel parameters meta-data serve as hyper-parameters for better interpretation and explainability of decisions. The semiautomatic methodology aims to have a federated approach to AI in healthcare applications with more inputs and interpretations from clinicians. The baseline process involved in the machine learning pipeline through image processing techniques for optic disc detection, vessel segmentation, and arteriole/venule identification.

Gradient-based first-order convex optimization algorithms find widespread applicability in a variety of domains, including machine learning tasks. Motivated by the recent advances in fixed-time stability theory of continuous-time dynamical systems, we introduce a generalized framework for designing accelerated optimization algorithms with strongest convergence guarantees that further extend to a subclass of non-convex functions. In particular, we introduce the \emph{GenFlow} algorithm and its momentum variant that provably converge to the optimal solution of objective functions satisfying the Polyak-{\L}ojasiewicz (PL) inequality, in a fixed-time. Moreover for functions that admit non-degenerate saddle-points, we show that for the proposed GenFlow algorithm, the time required to evade these saddle-points is bounded uniformly for all initial conditions. Finally, for strongly convex-strongly concave minimax problems whose optimal solution is a saddle point, a similar scheme is shown to arrive at the optimal solution again in a fixed-time. The superior convergence properties of our algorithm are validated experimentally on a variety of benchmark datasets.